According to WHO a normal semen analysis includes:

• a sperm concentration of greater than 20 million sperm
• Motility (movement) of greater than 40%, and (Subsequent write up on grades of motility to open on click to motility)
• a volume greater than 2cc.

Additionally, our laboratory uses the Kruger classification of more than 14% normal morphology.

Abnormalities in the semen analysis

Oligozoospermia – <15 million / ml (WHO 2010)

Ashenozoospermia – (poor motility) 50% within 1 hr of collection (Criteria of Normal Motility
WHO 2010)

Azoospermia – no sperm found in the semen. It is found in 1% of male population and in 20% male inferlity patients





Transvesicle Ultrasound – to detect absence of vas deferens.

Postejaculatory urine sample – to detect retrograde ejaculations.



Treatment – with the introduction of IUF with ICSI which allows successful fertilization even with immature sperm directly obtained from testicles tissue (Testicular Sperm Extraction – TESE)